Testwiki : Manual of Style (dates and numbers)

Except on pages updated regularly (e.g. current events), terms such as سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, and سانچہ:!xt should usually be avoided in favor of phrases such as سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt. For future and current events, use phrases such as سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt to signal the time-dependence of the information. Using سانچہ:Tlc will produce the text سانچہ:Xt and adds the article to a category flagging it for periodic review. However, do not replace سانچہ:Xt with سانچہ:Tlc because some information (the سانچہ:Em of 2005) would be lost; advanced features of سانچہ:Tlf such as {{as of|2005|alt=since the start of 2005}} can be used in such circumstances.

Relative-time expressions are acceptable for very long periods, such as geological epochs: سانچہ:Xt

Time of day

سانچہ:Shortcut Context determines whether the 12- or 24-hour clock is used; in both, colons separate hours, minutes and seconds (e.g. سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt).

12-hour clock times end with dotted or undotted lower-case سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn, or سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn, preceded by a non-breaking space, e.g. سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt (markup: 2:30سانچہ:Tlp.m. or 2:30سانچہ:Tlpm), not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt. Hours should not have a leading zero (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt). Usually, use سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt rather than سانچہ:!xt and سانچہ:!xt; whether "midnight" refers to the start or the end of a date should be explicitly specified unless clear from the context.
24-hour clock times have no a.m., p.m., noon or midnight suffix. Hours under 10 should have a leading zero (e.g. سانچہ:Xt). The time سانچہ:Xt refers to midnight at the start of a date, سانچہ:Xt to noon, and سانچہ:Xt to midnight at the end of a date, but سانچہ:!xt should not be used for the first hour of the next day (e.g. use سانچہ:Xt for ten minutes after midnight, not سانچہ:!xt).

The numerical elements of times-of-day are figures (سانچہ:Xt) rather than words (سانچہ:!xt) though conventional terms such as سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt are acceptable (taking care, with the latter, to avoid possible date ambiguity in constructions such as سانچہ:Xt).

Time zones

سانچہ:ShortcutGive dates and times appropriate to the time zone where an event took place. For example, the date of the attack on Pearl Harbor should be Decemberسانچہ:Nbsp7, 1941 (Hawaii time/سانچہ:Zwspdate). Give priority to the place at which the event had its most significant effects; for example, if a hacker based in China attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. In some cases the best solution may be to add the date and time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). For example:

• سانچہ:Xt

Alternatively, include just the UTC offset:

• سانچہ:Xt

Rarely, the time zone in which a historical event took place has since changed; for example, China to 1949 was divided into five time zones, whereas all of modern China is UTC+8. Similarly, the term "UTC" is not appropriate for dates before this system was adopted in 1960;^[۲] Universal Time (UT) is the appropriate term for the mean time at the prime meridian (Greenwich) when it is unnecessary to specify the precise definition of the time scale. Be sure to show the UTC or offset appropriate to the clock time in use at the time of the event, not the modern time zone, if they differ.

Dates, months and years

سانچہ:Shortcut سانچہ:Anchor سانچہ:Anchor

These requirements do not apply to dates in quotations or titles; سانچہ:Crossref. Special rules apply to citations; سانچہ:Crossref.

Formats

Acceptable date formats
General use	سانچہ:Nowrap سانچہ:Small	Comments
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xt
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xt	A comma follows the year unless followed by other punctuation:^[۳] سانچہ:Unordered list
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xt	Omit year only where there is no risk of ambiguity: سانچہ:Unordered list
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xt
No equivalent for general use	سانچہ:Xt	Use سانچہ:Nowrap format only with Gregorian dates from 1583 onward.^[۴]

Things to avoid

An abbreviated month should not be followed by a dot except at the end of a sentence (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).^[۵]
Dates should be linked only when they are germane to the subject سانچہ:Crossref.^[۶]
For issues related to dates in sortable tables, سانچہ:Crossref, or consider using سانچہ:Nowrap or سانچہ:Nowrap
Phrases such as سانچہ:Xt (or سانچہ:Xt, but not سانچہ:!xt), سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt are proper names, to which rules for dates do not apply (سانچہ:Xt).

سانچہ:Anchor

Unacceptable date formats (except in external titles and quotes)
Acceptable	Unacceptable	Comments
سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Months are capitalized
	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:Nowrap	Do not use ordinals (سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, etc.)
	سانچہ:!xt	Do not add a dot to theسانچہ:Nbspday
	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do not "zero-pad" month or day, except in all-numeric سانچہ:Nowrap
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	سانچہ:!xt	Do not use separators other thanسانچہ:Nbsphyphen
	سانچہ:!xt	Do not abbreviate year to two digits
	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do سانچہ:Em use سانچہ:Nowrap, سانچہ:Nowrap or سانچہ:Nowrap formats, as they are ambiguous for سانچہ:Nowrap
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do not use theseسانچہ:Nbspformats. (سانچہ:!xt, in particular, can be mistaken for the range of سانچہ:Nobr
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	No comma between month andسانچہ:Nbspyear
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	No comma between month andسانچہ:Nbspyear
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Comma required between day andسانچہ:Nbspyear
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt	Do not abbreviate freestanding year
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Roman numerals are not normally used forسانچہ:Nbspdates
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Years and days of the month are not normally written inسانچہ:Nbspwords
سانچہ:Nowrap	سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:!xt
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Do not zero-pad years
سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt	Use "in the year" only where needed for clarity سانچہ:Nowrap

Consistency

سانچہ:Anchor سانچہ:Shortcut

Dates in article body text should all use the same format: سانچہ:Xt, but not سانچہ:!xt.
Publication dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:

the format used in the article body text,
an abbreviated format from the "Acceptable date formats" table, provided the day and month elements are in the same order as in dates in the article body, or
the format expected in the citation style being used (however, all-numeric date formats other than سانچہ:Nowrap must still be avoided).

For example, a single article might contain one, but only one, of:

(among other possibilities).

Access and archive dates in an article's citations should all use the same format, which may be:

the format used for publication dates in the article;
the format expected in the citation style adopted in the article (e.g. سانچہ:Xt); or
سانچہ:Nowrap

For example, a single article's citations might contain either of the following:

When a citation style does not expect differing date formats, it is permissible to normalize publication dates to the article body text date format, and/or access/archive dates to either, with date consistency being preferred.

Strong national ties to a topic

Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. For the United States this is, for example, سانچہ:Xt; for most other nations it is, for example, سانچہ:Xt.
Articles related to Canada may use either format with (as always) consistency within each article.
In some topic areas the customary format differs from the usual national one: for example, articles on the modern U.S. military use day-before-month, in accordance with U.S. military usage.

Retaining existing format

If an article has evolved using predominantly one format, the whole article should conform to it, unless there are reasons for changing it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.
The date format chosen by the first major contributor in the early stages of an article should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on strong national ties to the topic or consensus on the article's talk page.
Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".

Era style

The default calendar era is the Western Dionysian era system, a year numbering system also known as the Western Christian era (represented by سانچہ:Xt), or the Common Era (represented by سانچہ:Xt).
- سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn are the traditional ways of referring to this era. سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn are common in some scholarly texts and religious writings. Either convention may be appropriate.
  - Do not change the established era style in an article unless there are reasons specific to its content. Seek consensus on the talk page سانچہ:Em making the change. Open the discussion under a subhead that uses the word "era". Briefly state why the style is inappropriate for the article in question. A personal or categorical preference for one era style over the other is not justification for making a change.
  - سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn are written in upper case, unspaced, without a period (full point, .), and separated from the year number by a space (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt). It is advisable to use a non-breaking space.
  - سانچہ:Xtn may appear before or after a year (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt); the other abbreviations appear only after (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).
  - In general, do not use سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn unless required to avoid ambiguity (e.g. سانچہ:Xt not سانچہ:!xt nor سانچہ:!xt) or awkwardness (سانچہ:Xt not سانچہ:!xt). On the other hand, سانچہ:Xt will avoid unnecessary confusion. Also, in سانچہ:Xt the era marker makes it clear that "55" does not refer to his age. Alternatively, سانچہ:Xt
  - Use either the BCسانچہ:NdashAD or the BCEسانچہ:NdashCE notation consistently within the same article. Exception: do not change direct quotations, titles, etc.
Uncalibrated (bce) radiocarbon dates: Some source materials will indicate whether a date is calibrated or not simply by a change in capitalisation; this is often a source of confusion for the unwary reader. Do not give uncalibrated radiocarbon dates (represented by the lower-case سانچہ:Xt unit, occasionally سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn in some sources), except in directly quoted material, and even then include a footnote, a square-bracketed editor's note [like this], or other indication to the reader what the calibrated date is, or at least that the date is uncalibrated. Calibrated and uncalibrated dates can diverge surprisingly widely, and the average reader does not recognise the distinction between سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn.
BP: In scientific and academic contexts, BP (before present) is often used. This is calibrated from January 1, 1950, not from the date of publication, though the latter introduces an insignificant error when the date is distant or an approximation (18,000سانچہ:NbspBP). BP years are given as سانچہ:Xt or spelled out as سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, or similar). Do not convert other notations to or from BP unless you are certain of what you are doing. A safer and simpler alternative may be to use سانچہ:Xt.
Other era systems may be appropriate in an article. In such cases, dates should be followed by a conversion to Dionysian (or vice versa) and the first instance should be linked: سانچہ:Xt, or سانچہ:Xt.
- Astronomical year numbering follows the Common Era and does not require conversion, but the first instance of a non-positive year should still be linked: سانچہ:Xt

Julian and Gregorian calendars

سانچہ:Anchors سانچہ:Shortcut

A date can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as it is (at the minimum) given in the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar or both, as described below. For example, an article on the early history of Islam may give dates in both Islamic and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, the article must make this clear.

Current events are dated using the Gregorian calendar.
Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar at that time are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the Continent of Europe from 1582, the British Empire from 14سانچہ:NbspSeptember 1752, and Russia from 14سانچہ:NbspFebruary 1918 سانچہ:Crossref.
Dates before 15سانچہ:NbspOctober 1582 (when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in some places) are normally given in the Julian calendar. The Julian day and month should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar, but the start of the Julian year should be assumed to be 1سانچہ:NbspJanuary سانچہ:Crossref.
Dates for Roman history before 45سانچہ:NbspBC are given in the Roman calendar, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.
For dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history, Julian or Gregorian equivalents are often uncertain. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.

The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources (or if reliable sources disagree, that used most commonly, with an explanatory footnote).

At some places and times, the new year began on a date other than 1سانچہ:NbspJanuary. For example, in England and its colonies until 1752, the year began on Annunciation Day, 25سانچہ:NbspMarch; سانچہ:Crossref. In writing about historical events, however, years should be assumed to have begun on 1سانچہ:NbspJanuary سانچہ:Crossref; if there is reason to use another start-of-year date, this should be noted.

If there is a need to mention Old or New Style dates in an article (as in the Glorious Revolution), a footnote should be provided on the first usage, stating whether the New Style refers to a start of year adjustment or to the Gregorian calendar (it can mean either).

سانچہ:AnchorRanges

A pure yearسانچہ:Ndashyear range is written (as is any range) using an en dash (– or سانچہ:Tlx) not a hyphen or slash; this dash is usually سانچہ:Em (that is, with no space on either side); and the range's end year is usually abbreviated to two digits:

• سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Nobr)

But both years are given in full in the following cases:

birthسانچہ:Ndashdeath parentheticals: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp not سانچہ:!xt
different centuries: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp not سانچہ:!xt
starting year before 1000سانچہ:NbspAD: سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt);سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt

Markup: 1011سانچہ:T922سانچہ:TBC

spanning from BC/BCE to AD/CE: سانچہ:Xt (note سانچہ:Em en dash)

سانچہ:Em

Periods straddling two different years, including sports seasons, are generally written with the range notation (سانچہ:Xt). The slash notation (سانچہ:Xt) may be used to signify a fiscal year or other special period, if that convention is used in reliable sources.
A date range may appear in سانچہ:Xt format if it is a range of sports seasons.^[۷] This format is also indicated for date ranges appearing in reference citations if any dates (of publication, access, archival) are in سانچہ:Nowrap format, because the range in question could thus be easily mistaken for a سانچہ:Nowrap date: سانچہ:Xt but not سانچہ:!xt Another case is in tables (and lists the items of which begin with date ranges) in which some but not all date ranges span a century (sortability of a date column in a table also requires a consistent format for all entries: 2005سانچہ:Ndash07 will unintentionally sort before 2005سانچہ:Ndash2006).

Other "pure" ranges use an سانچہ:Em en dash as well:

dayسانچہ:Ndashday: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt
monthسانچہ:Ndashmonth: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp (but سانچہ:Xt uses a سانچہ:Em en dash; سانچہ:Crossref)

If at least one of the items on either side of the en dash is in a mixed format (containing two or more of day, month, year); carries a modifier such as سانچہ:Circa; or otherwise contains a space; then a سانچہ:Em en dash (سانچہ:Tlx) is used:

between specific dates in different months: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt
between dates in different years:

between months in different years: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt

For a person still living: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt
An overnight period may be expressed using a slash between two contiguous dates: سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt.

Or use an en dash: (unspaced) سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp (spaced) سانچہ:Xt.

Use a dash, or a word such as سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn, but not both: سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt);سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)

The سانچہ:Tlx template can keep ages current in infoboxes and so on:

• {{age|1989|7|23}} returns: سانچہ:Xt

• {{age|1989|7|23}}-year-old returns: سانچہ:Xt

• {{age|1989|7|23}} years old returns: سانچہ:Xt

Date mathematics templates are available for other age calculations

Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates

To indicate "around", "approximately", or "about", the use of the spaced, unitalicised form سانچہ:Xt (or the سانچہ:Tlx template) is preferred over سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, or سانچہ:!xt:

• سانچہ:Xt

Where both endpoints of a range are approximate, c. should appear before each date:

• سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt)

Where birth/death dates have been extrapolated from known dates of activity:

• سانچہ:Xt

When a person is known to have been active ("flourishing") during certain years, سانچہ:Xt, [[Floruit|fl.]], or سانچہ:Tlx may be used:

• سانچہ:Xt

The linked forms should not be used on disambiguation pages, and "active" followed by the range is a better alternative for artists, soldiers and other persons with an occupation.

When a date is known to be either of two years (e.g. from a regnal or AH year conversion, or a known age at death):

• سانچہ:Xt

Other forms of uncertainty should be expressed in words, either in article text or in a footnote: سانچہ:Xt. Do not use a question mark (سانچہ:!xt) for such purposes, as this fails to communicate the nature of the uncertainty.

Other

Days of the week

Days of the week are capitalized (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).

Seasons

Seasons are uncapitalized (سانچہ:Xt) except when personified: سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt.
Using seasons to refer to a particular time of year (سانچہ:!xt) is ambiguous, because Northern and Southern Hemisphere seasons are six months out of phase, and many areas near the equator instead have wet and dry seasons. Consider alternative phrasing: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt.
However, using seasons is appropriate when referring to seasonal events: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt.

Decades

To refer to a decade as a chronological period per se (not with reference to a social era or cultural phenomenon) always use four digits (سانچہ:Xt, but not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt, and سانچہ:Em not سانچہ:!xt).

Prefixes should be hyphenated (سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt).

For a social era or cultural phenomenon associated with a particular decade:

Two digits (with a preceding apostrophe) may be used as an alternative to four digits, سانچہ:Em (سانچہ:Xt,سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt,سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt, but سانچہ:Xt, and do not write سانچہ:!xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:!xt;سانچہ:Nbsp or سانچہ:!xt).
A third alternative (where seen in reliable sources) is to spell the decade out, capitalized: سانچہ:Xt

Centuries and millennia

سانچہ:Shortcut سانچہ:Crossref

Treat the 1st century AD as years سانچہ:Nobr, the 17th century as سانچہ:Nobr, and the second millennium as سانچہ:Nobr; similarly, the 1st century BC/BCE was سانچہ:Nobr BC/BCE, the 17th century was سانچہ:Nobr BC/BCE, and the second millennium سانچہ:Nobr BC/BCE.
- The 18th century (سانچہ:Nobr) and the 1700s (سانچہ:Nobr) are not the same period.
- When using forms such as سانچہ:Xt ensure there is no ambiguity as to whether e.g. سانچہ:Nobr or سانچہ:Nobr, is meant.
- Note that the sequence of years runs سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Sndthere is no "year 0".
Centuries and millennia are identified using either figures (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt) or words (سانچہ:Xt). When used adjectivally they contain a hyphen (سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt). Do not capitalize (سانچہ:!xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:!xt).

سانچہ:Crossref

Long periods of time

When the term is frequent, combine سانچہ:Xtn (years) or سانچہ:Xtn (years ago) with سانچہ:Xtn (thousand): سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn; سانچہ:Xtn (million): سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn; and سانچہ:Xtn (short-scale billion): سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn. سانچہ:Crossref
In academic contexts, SI annus-based units are often used: سانچہ:Xtn (kiloannus), سانچہ:Xtn (megaannus), and سانچہ:Xtn (gigaannus). سانچہ:Crossref
Show the meaning parenthetically, and consider linking to the appropriate section of the Year article سانچہ:Crossref on first occurrence and where the use is a standalone topic of interest. In source quotations, use square brackets: سانچہ:Xt

Numbers

Numbers as figures or words

Generally, in article text:

Integers from zero to nine are spelled out in words
Integers greater than nine سانچہ:Em may be expressed either in numerals or in words (سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt). In spelling out numbers, components from 21 to 99 are hyphenated; larger ones are not (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).
Other numbers are given in numerals (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt) or in forms such as سانچہ:Xt. Markup: سانچہ:Nowrap

"billion" and "trillion" are understood to represent their short-scale values of 10⁹سانچہ:Nbsp(1,000,000,000) and 10¹²سانچہ:Nbsp(1,000,000,000,000), respectively. Keep this in mind when translating articles from non-English Wikipedias, or using material from non-English sources.
سانچہ:Xt (unspaced) or سانچہ:Xt (unspaced) respectively may be used for "million" or "billion" after a number, when the word has been spelled out at the first occurrence (e.g., سانچہ:Xt).
SI prefixes and symbols, such as سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn) and سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), should be restricted to use in scientific and engineering expressions.
Sometimes, the variety of English used in an article may necessitate the use of a numbering system other than the Western thousands-based system. For example, the South Asian numbering system is conventionally used in South Asian English. In those situations, link the first spelled-out instance of each quantity (e.g. [[crore]], which yields crore). (If no instances are spelled out, provide a note after the first instance directing the reader to the article about the numbering system.) Also, provide a conversion to Western numbers for the first instance of each quantity, and provide conversions for subsequent instances if they do not overwhelm the content of the article. For example, write سانچہ:Xt. Group digits in Western thousands-based style (e.g., سانچہ:Xt; not سانچہ:!xt); سانچہ:Crossref. (Note that the variety of English does not uniquely determine the method of numbering in an article. Other considerations, such as conventions used in mathematics, science and engineering, may also apply, and the choice and order of formats and conversions is a matter of editorial discretion and consensus.)

سانچہ:Anchor سانچہ:Shortcut Notes and exceptions:

In tables and infoboxes, quantities are expressed in figures (سانچہ:Xt); but numbers within a table's explanatory text and comments follow the general rule.
Numbers in mathematical formulae are never spelled out (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
Comparable quantities should be all spelled out or all in figures:

• سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt.

• سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt

• سانچہ:Xt (even though "3" would normally be given as "three") or سانچہ:Xt (or "two hundred and six" for British English, even though "two hundred six" would normally be given as "206"), not سانچہ:!xt.

But adjacent quantities not comparable should usually be in سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt.

Avoid awkward juxtapositions: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt

Personal ages are typically stated in figures (سانچہ:Xt) except for large, approximate values (سانچہ:Xt).
Sometimes figures and words carry different meanings; for example سانچہ:Xt implies there is a single exception (we don't know which), while سانچہ:Xt means that only locker number 1 was not searched.
Proper names, technical terms, and the like are never altered: سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt

Avoid beginning a sentence with figures:

• Not سانچہ:!xt, but سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt.

• Not سانچہ:Nowrap (nor سانچہ:Nowrap سانچہ:Sndbecause comparable numbers should be both written in words or both in figures) but سانچہ:Nowrap

Exception: Where a proper name, technical term, etc., itself beginning with a numeral, opens the sentence (سانچہ:Xt) although this can usually be avoided by rewording (سانچہ:Xt).

Ordinals

سانچہ:Anchor Ordinal suffixes suffixes (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt) are not superscripted (سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt nor سانچہ:!xt).
Regnal numbers are normally written with [[Roman numeral|سانچہ:Sic numeral]]s (without suffix, e.g. سانچہ:Xt not سانچہ:!xt).
Do not use a dot (سانچہ:!xt) or the ordinal mark (سانچہ:!xt) to indicate ordinals.

Fractions

Spelled-out fractions are hyphenated: سانچہ:Xt.
Where numerator and denominator can each be expressed in one word, a fraction is usually spelled out (e.g. سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt); use figures if a fraction appears with a symbol (e.g. سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Sndmarkup: سانچہ:Tl mi, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt).
Mixed numbers are usually given in figures, unspaced (not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt but سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Sndmarkup: {{frac|8|1|2}}). In any case the integer and fractional parts should be consistent (not سانچہ:!xt).
Metric (SI) measurements generally use decimals, not fractions (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
Non-metric (imperial and US customary) measurements may use fractions or decimals (سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt); the practice of reliable sources should be followed, and within-article consistency is desirable.
In science and mathematics articles mixed numbers are rarely used (not سانچہ:!xt, but سانچہ:Xt) and use of سانچہ:Tlx is discouraged in favor of one of these styles:

•

\frac{1}{2}

سانچہ:Sndmarkup: <math>\textstyle\frac{1}{2}</math>

• سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Sndmarkup: سانچہ:Tlx

• سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Sndmarkup: 1/2

Do not use special characters such as ½ (سانچہ:Em markup: ½ or ½).
Ordinal suffixes such as سانچہ:Xtn should not be used with fractions expressed in figures (not سانچہ:!xt, but سانچہ:Xt).
Nouns following simple fractions are singular (سانچہ:Xt,سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt,سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt).
Nouns following mixed numbers are plural (سانچہ:Xt,سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt).

Decimals

A period/full point (.), سانچہ:Em a comma, is used as the decimal point (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
Numbers between −1 and +1 require a leading zero (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt); exceptions are sporting performance averages (سانچہ:Xt) and commonly used terms such as سانچہ:Xt.
Nouns following a number expressed as a decimal are plural (سانچہ:Xt).
Indicate repeating digits with an overbar e.g. سانچہ:Nowrap gives سانچہ:Xt. (Consider explaining this notation on first use.) Do not write e.g. سانچہ:Nobr because it resembles notations for سانچہ:Section link.

Grouping of digits

Digits should be grouped and separated either by commas or narrow gaps (سانچہ:Em a period/full point).

Grouping with commas

Left of the decimal point, five or more digits are grouped into threes separated by commas (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).
Numbers with exactly four digits left of the decimal point may optionally be grouped (either سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt), provided that this is consistent within each article.
When commas are used left of the decimal point, digits right of the decimal point are not grouped (i.e. should be given as an unbroken string).
Markup: سانچہ:Tlc produces this formatting.

Grouping with narrow gaps

Digits are grouped both sides of the decimal point (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt).
Digits are generally grouped into threes. Right of the decimal point, سانچہ:Em practice is to have a final group of four instead of a lone digit (e.g. سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt). In mathematics-oriented articles long strings may be grouped into fives (e.g. سانچہ:Xt).
This style is especially recommended for articles related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics.
Markup: Templates سانچہ:Tlx or سانچہ:Tlx may be used to produce this formatting. Note that use of سانچہ:Em space character in numbers, including non-breaking space, is problematic for screen readers. سانچہ:Crossref Screen readers read out each سانچہ:Em of digits as separate numbers (e.g. 30 000 is read as "thirty zero zero zero".)

Delimiting style should be consistent throughout a given article.

Either use commas or narrow gaps, but not both in the same article.
Either group the thousands in a four-digit number or do not, but not mixed use in the same article.
However, grouping by threes and fives may coexist.

An exception is made for four-digit page numbers or four-digit calendar years. These should never be grouped (not سانچہ:!xt, though سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt).

Percentages

In the body of non-scientific/non-technical articles, سانچہ:Xtn (American English) or سانچہ:Xtn (British English) are commonly used: سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt. Ranges are written سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt.
In the body of scientific/سانچہ:Zwsptechnical articles, and in سانچہ:Em of any article, the symbol % (unspaced) is more common: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt. Ranges: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt.
When expressing the difference between two percentages, do not confuse a percentage change with a change in percentage points.

Scientific and engineering notation

Scientific notation always has a single nonzero digit to the left of the point: not سانچہ:!xt, but سانچہ:Xt.
Engineering notation is similar, but adjusted so that the exponent is a multiple of three: سانچہ:Xt.
Avoid mixing scientific and engineering notations (سانچہ:!xt).
In a table column (or other presentation) in which all values can be expressed with a single power of 10, consider giving e.g. سانچہ:Xt once in the column header, and omitting it in the individual entries. (Markup: {{e|7}})
In both notations, the number of digits indicates the precision. For example, سانچہ:Xt means rounded to the nearest thousand; سانچہ:Xt to the nearest hundred; سانچہ:Xt to the nearest ten; and سانچہ:Xt to the nearest unit.

Markup: سانچہ:Tlx and سانچہ:Tlx may be used to format exponential notation.

Uncertainty and rounding

Where explicit uncertainty information (such as a margin of error) is available and appropriate for inclusion, it may be written in various ways:

• سانچہ:Xt

• سانچہ:Xt (not used with scientific notation)

• سانچہ:Xt

• سانچہ:Xt (equivalent to سانچہ:Xt)^[۸]

• سانچہ:Xt

Markup: سانچہ:Tlx, سانچہ:Tlx, and سانچہ:Tlx may be used to format uncertainties.

Where explicit سانچہ:Em (or is unimportant for the article's purposes) round to an appropriate number of significant digits; the precision presented should usually be conservative. Precise values (often given in sources for formal or matter-of-record reasons) should be used only where stable and appropriate to the context, or significant in themselves for some special reason.

• سانچہ:Xt

سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Xt

• سانچہ:Xt (not سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:Sndan official figure unlikely to be accurate at full precision)

سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Xt (unusual case in which the full-precision official population figure is helpful to readers)

• سانچہ:Xt (likely that accurate and precise figures were determined)

• سانچہ:Xt (unlikely that any precise number can be accurate, even if an official figure is issued)

سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Xt (in reporting conflicting information, give detail sufficient to make the contrast intelligible)

• سانچہ:Xt (where the actual figure was $8,462,247.63) سانچہ:Xt

The number of decimal places should be consistent within a list or context (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt), unless different precisions are actually intended.
It may sometimes be appropriate to note the سانچہ:Em of uncertainty information, especially where such information is normally provided and necessary for full interpretation of the figures supplied.

• سانچہ:Xt

The سانچہ:Tlx template may be added to figures appearing to be overprecise.

Avoid using "approximately", "about", and similar terms with figures that have merely been approximated or rounded in a normal and expected way, unless the reader might otherwise be misled.

• سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Nobr سانچہ:Sndheights are conventionally reported only to the nearest inch, even though greater precision may be available in principle)

سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Xt ("about" because here the precise value is unknown, with substantial uncertainty)

The reader may be assumed to interpret large round numbers (سانچہ:Xt) as approximations. Writing a quantity in words (سانچہ:Xt) can further emphasize its approximate nature.

سانچہ:Crossref

Non-base-10 notations

In computer-related articles, use the C programming language prefixes 0x (zero-ex) for hexadecimal and 0 (zero) for octal. For binary, use 0b. Explain these prefixes in the article's introduction or on first use.
In all other articles, use <sub> to create subscripts: سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt. Markup: سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt
For bases above 10, use symbols conventional for that base (as seen in reliable sources) e.g. for base 16 use سانچہ:Nobr.

Units of measurement

Unit choice and order

سانچہ:Crossref

Quantities are typically expressed using an appropriate "primary unit", displayed first, followed, when appropriate, by a conversion in parentheses e.g. سانچہ:Xt. For details on when and how to provide a conversion, see the section سانچہ:Section link. The choice of primary units depends on the circumstances, and should respect the principle of "strong national ties", where applicable:

In non-scientific articles relating to the United States, the primary units are US customary, e.g. سانچہ:Xt.
In non-scientific articles relating to the United Kingdom, the primary units for most quantities are metric or other internationally used units,^[۹] except that:
- UK engineering-related articles, including those on bridges and tunnels, generally use the system of units that the topic was drawn up in (but road distances are given in imperial units, with a metric conversion – see next bullet);
- the primary units for distance/سانچہ:Zwsplength, speed and fuel consumption are miles, miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon (except for short distances or lengths, where miles are too large for practical use);
- the primary units for personal height and weight are feetسانچہ:Zwsp/inches and stones/سانچہ:Zwsppounds;
- imperial pints are used for quantities of draught beer/سانچہ:Zwspcider and bottled milk;
In all other articles, the primary units chosen will be SI units, non-SI units officially accepted for use with the SI, or such other units as are conventional in reliable-source discussions of the article topic (such as revolutions per minute (rpm) for angular speed, hands for heights of horses, et cetera).

سانچہ:Em

Quantities set via definition (as opposed to measured quantities) should be given first in the units used in the definition, even if this makes the structure of presentation inconsistent: سانچہ:Xt.
- This may benefit from a slightly non-standard structure, such as سانچہ:Xt. In this sort of case, using سانچہ:Xtn can help make clear which is the statutory, exact value.
Nominal quantities (e.g. سانچہ:Xt) require consideration of whether the article is concerned with the item's actual dimensions or merely with its function. In some cases only the nominal quantity may suffice; in others it may be necessary to give the nominal size (often in non-SI units), the actual size in non-SI units, and the actual size in SI units.
Whenever a conversion is used, ensure that the precision of the converted quantity in the article is comparable to the precision of the value given by the source سانچہ:Crossref.
Where the article's primary units differ from the units given in the source, the سانچہ:Tlx template's |order=flip flag can be used; this causes the سانچہ:Em unit to be shown as secondary in the article, and the سانچہ:Em unit to be shown as primary: {{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip}} → سانچہ:Xt

Unit names and symbols

سانچہ:Em

Examples of unit names: foot, meter, kilometer.
Examples of unit symbols: ft, m, km.

Unit names and symbols should follow the practice of reliable sources.
In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times, but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly, after spelling out the first use (e.g. سانچہ:Xt).

Certain unit names (e.g. سانچہ:Xt) need never be written in full unless required stylistically (سانچہ:Xt).

Where space is limited, such as in tables, infoboxes, parenthetical notes, and mathematical formulas, unit symbols are preferred.
Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a nameسانچہ:Ndashsymbol pair on first use, linking the unit name (سانچہ:Xt).
Ranges use unspaced en dash (سانچہ:Tlx) if only one unit symbol is used at the end (e.g. سانچہ:Xt), and spaced en dash (سانچہ:Tlx) if two symbols are used (e.g. سانچہ:Xt); ranges in prose may be specified using either unit symbol or unit names, and units may be stated either after both numerical values or after the last (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt are all acceptable).
Lengthسانچہ:Ndashwidth, lengthسانچہ:Ndashwidthسانچہ:Ndashheight and similar dimensions may be separated by the multiplication sign (×) or the word سانچہ:Xtn.
- With the multiplication sign, each number should be followed by a unit name or symbol (if appropriate):

• سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:Nobr, سانچہ:!xt nor سانچہ:Nobr

• سانچہ:Xt

With سانچہ:Xtn, the unit need be given only once: سانچہ:Nobr or سانچہ:Nobr
The unspaced letter سانچہ:Xt may be used in common terms such as سانچہ:Xt.

General guidelines on unit names and symbols
Aspect	Guideline	Acceptable	Unacceptable
Spelling	The spelling of certain unit names (some of which are listed in سانچہ:Section link, below) varies with the variety of English followed by the article.
Format	Do not spell out numbers before unit سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Nbsp...	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	...سانچہ:Nbspbut words سانچہ:Em numerals may be used with unit سانچہ:Em.	سانچہ:Plainlist
	Values not accompanied by units are usually given in figures.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Write unit names and symbols in upright ([[Roman type\|سانچہ:Sic]]) type, except where emphasizing in context.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt
	Unit سانچہ:Em are given in lower case except: in places where any word would be capitalسانچہ:Shyized; where otherwise specified in the SI brochure;^[۱۰] where otherwise specified in this Manual of Style.سانچہ:Clarify	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:!xt
	Except as listed in the "Specific units" table below, unit سانچہ:Em are uncapiسانچہ:Shytal سانچہ:Shyized unless they are derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter (of the base unit symbol, not of any prefix) is capitalized.^[۱۱]	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Unit symbols are undotted.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Except as shown in the "Specific units" table below, a space appears between a numeric value and a unit name or symbol. In the case of unit سانچہ:Em, ` ` (or سانچہ:Tlx سانچہ:Px1) should be used to prevent linebreak.	سانچہ:Xt Markup: `29 kg`	سانچہ:!xt
	To form a value and a unit سانچہ:Em into a compound adjective use a hyphen or hyphensسانچہ:Nbsp...	سانچہ:Plainlist
	... but a non-breaking space (never hyphen) separates a value and unit سانچہ:Em.	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:!xt
Plurals	SI unit سانچہ:Em are pluralized by adding the appropriate سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt suffixسانچہ:Nbsp...	سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt
	... except for these irregular forms.	سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt
	Some non-SI units have irregular plurals.	سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Some non-SI units have irregular plurals.	سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt (unusual)	سانچہ:!xt
	Unit سانچہ:Em (in any system) are identical in singular and plural.	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Nobr
Powers	Format exponents using سانچہ:Tag, not special characters.	سانچہ:Xt Markup: `km<sup>2</sup>`	سانچہ:Em markup: ~~`km²`~~
	Or use سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Em the unit being modified).	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	For areas or volumes only, سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn may be used (سانچہ:Em the unit being modified).	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt
	سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn may be used with US customary or imperial units, but not with SI units.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Products	Indicate a product of unit سانچہ:Em with either a hyphen or a space.	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Plainlist
	Indicate a product of unit سانچہ:Em with `·` or ` ` (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Tlx is not equivalent to `·`.)	سانچہ:Plainlist
	سانچہ:Em In some topic areas such as power engineerسانچہ:Shying, certain products take neither space nor `·`. Follow the practice of reliable sources in the article's topic area.	سانچہ:Plainlist
	To pluralize a product of unit سانچہ:Em, pluralize only the final unit. (Unit سانچہ:Em are never pluralized.)	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Ratios, Rates, Densities	Indicate a ratio of unit سانچہ:Em with سانچہ:Xtn.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	Indicate a ratio of unit سانچہ:Em with a forward slash (`/`), followed by either a single symbol or a parenthesized product of symbolsسانچہ:Snddo not use multiple slashes; or useسانچہ:Nbsp⁻¹,سانچہ:Nbsp⁻², etc.	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Plainlist
		سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Plainlist
	To pluralize a ratio of unit سانچہ:Em, pluralize only the numerator unit. (Unit سانچہ:Em are never pluralized.)	سانچہ:Plainlist
	Some of the special forms used in the imperial and US customary systems are shown hereسانچہ:Nbsp...	سانچہ:Plainlist
	... but only the slash or negative exponent notations are used with SI (and other metric) units.	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:!xt
Prefixes	Prefixes should not be separated by a space or hyphen.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Plainlist
	Prefixes are added without contraction, except as shown here:	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
	The سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, سانچہ:Xtn, and سانچہ:Xtn prefixes should generally be avoided; exceptions include centimetre, decibel, hectolitre, hectare, and hectopascal.	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:!xt
	Do not use [[wikt:M#Number\|سانچہ:!xt]] for 10³, سانچہ:!xt for 10⁶, or سانچہ:!xt for 10⁹ (except as noted elsewhere on this page for سانچہ:Xtn and سانچہ:Xtn, e.g. for monetary values)	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
		سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt
Mixed units	Mixed units are traditionally used with the imperial and US customary systemsسانچہ:Nbsp…	سانچہ:Anchor سانچہ:Plainlist
		سانچہ:Plainlist
	... and in expressing time durationsسانچہ:Nbsp...	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Plainlist
	… but are not normally used in SI.	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:!xt
	No comma.	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:!xt

سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Reflist

Specific units

The following table lists only units that need special attention.
The SI Brochure^[۱۰] should be consulted for guidance on use of other SI and non-SI units.

Guidelines on specific units
Group	Name	Symbol	Comment
Length, Speed	inch	سانچہ:Xt	Do not use `′` (`سانچہ:!xt`), `″` (`سانچہ:!xt`), apostrophe/سانچہ:Zwspsingle quote (`سانچہ:!xt`) or double quote (`سانچہ:!xt`)
	foot	سانچہ:Xt
	foot per second	سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:!xt)
	hand	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	Equal to 4 inches; used in measurement of horses. A dot may be followed by additional inches e.g. سانچہ:Xt indicates 16 hands 2 inches.
	knot	سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt)
	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Xt
	micron	سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:!xt)	Markup: `μm`سانچہ:Nbsp Link to Micrometre (for which micron is a synonym) on first use.
	astronomical unit	سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Nobr	سانچہ:Xtn is the most commonly used unit symbol for the astronomical unit, both in popular and professional astronomical articles, and is hence also used on Wikipedia, although some organizations, including the BIPM^[۱۰] and IAU,^[۱۲] recommend سانچہ:Xtn.
	mile	سانچہ:Xt	In nautical and aeronautical contexts use سانچہ:Xt rather than mile to avoid confusion with nautical mile.
	mile per hour	سانچہ:Xt
	nautical mile	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Nobr
Volume, Flow	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Xt	Markup: `cm<sup>3</sup>`
	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Xt	Non-SI symbol used for certain engine displacements; link to Cubic centimetre on first use.
	imperial fluid ounce	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn (or سانچہ:Xtn) must be specified; سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn must be specified, except withسانچہ:Nbsp gallon. (Without سانچہ:Xtn, ounce is ambiguousسانچہ:Sndversus avoirdupois ounce or troy ounceسانچہ:Sndand US pint or US quart are ambiguousسانچہ:Sndversus US dry pint or US dry quart.)
	imperial fluid pint	سانچہ:Xt
	imperial fluid quart	سانچہ:Xt
	imperial gallon	سانچہ:Xt
	US fluid ounce	سانچہ:Xt
	US fluid pint	سانچہ:Xt
	US fluid quart	سانچہ:Xt
	US gallon	سانچہ:Xt
	cubic foot	سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:!xt)	Write سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt.
	cubic foot per second	سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:!xt)
	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	The symbol l in isolation (i.e. not in such forms as ml) is easily mistaken for the digit 1 or the capital letter I.
Mass, Force, Density, Pressure	long ton	سانچہ:Xt	Spell out in full.
	short ton	سانچہ:Xt	Spell out in full.
	pound per square inch	سانچہ:Xt
	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Nobr
	troy ounce	سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn must be specified. Articles about precious metals, black powder, and gemstones should always specify whether ounces and pounds are avoirdupois or troy.
	troy pound	سانچہ:Xt
	carat	سانچہ:Xt	Used to express masses of gemstones and pearls.
Purity	carat or karat	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	A measure of purity for gold alloys. (Do not confuse with the unit of mass with the same spelling.)
Time	second	سانچہ:Xt	Do not use `′` (سانچہ:!xt), `″` (سانچہ:!xt), apostrophe (سانچہ:!xt) or quote (سانچہ:!xt) for minutes or seconds. Use سانچہ:Xtn for "minute" only where there is no danger of confusion with meter, as in the hoursسانچہ:Ndashminutes سانچہ:Ndashseconds formats for time durations described in the Unit names and symbols table.
	minute	سانچہ:Xt
	hour	سانچہ:Xt
	year	سانچہ:Xt	Use سانچہ:Xtn only with an SI prefix mulitplier (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
	year	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt	سانچہ:Crossref
Information, Data	bit	سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Nobr	سانچہ:Crossref
	byte	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Nobr
	bit per second	سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt)
	byte per second	سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt سانچہ:Nobr
Angle
	arcminute	سانچہ:Xt	Prime: ′. Markup: `′`سانچہ:Nbsp (not apostrophe/سانچہ:Zwspsingle quoteسانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:!xt). No space between numerals and symbol سانچہ:Nobr
	arcsecond	سانچہ:Xt	Double prime: ″. Markup: `″`سانچہ:Nbsp (not double-quoteسانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:!xt). No space between numerals and symbol سانچہ:Nobr
	degree	سانچہ:Xt	Markup: `°`سانچہ:Nbsp (not masculine ordinal سانچہ:!xt or ring سانچہ:Thinsp سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:Thinsp). No space between numerals and symbol سانچہ:Nobr
Temperature	degree	سانچہ:Xt	Markup: `°`. Nonbreaking space (سانچہ:Tlx) between numerals and symbol سانچہ:Nobr سانچہ:Nobr
Temperature	degree Celsius سانچہ:Nobr	سانچہ:Xt (سانچہ:Em سانچہ:!xt)
Energy	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Xt	In certain subject areas, calorie is conventionسانچہ:Shyally used alone. Articles following this practice should specify on first use whether the use refers to the small calorie or to the kilocalorie (large calorie). Providing conversions to SI units (usually calories to joules or kilocalories to kilojoules) may also be useful. A kilocalorie (سانچہ:Xt) is 1000 calories. A calorie (small calorie) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C. A kilocalorie is therefore also a kilogram calorie.
Energy	سانچہ:Plainlist	سانچہ:Xt

Quantities of bytes and bits

سانچہ:Shortcut In quantities of bits and bytes, the prefixes سانچہ:Xtn (symbol سانچہ:Xtn or سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), etc., are ambiguous. They may be based on a decimal system (like the standard SI prefixes), meaning 10³, 10⁶, 10⁹, 10¹², etc., or they may be based on a binary system, meaning 2¹⁰, 2²⁰, 2³⁰, 2⁴⁰, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as RAM), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates, disk storage and in theoretical calculations in modern academic textbooks. سانچہ:Bit and byte prefixes Follow these recommendations when using these prefixes in Wikipedia articles:

Following the SI standard, a lower-case سانچہ:Xt should be used for "kilo-" whenever it means 1000 in computing contexts, whereas a capital سانچہ:Xt should be used instead to indicate the binary prefix for 1024 according to JEDEC. (If, under the exceptions detailed further below, the article otherwise uses IEC prefixes for binary units, use سانچہ:Xt instead).
Do not assume that the binary or decimal meaning of prefixes will be obvious to everyone. Explicitly specify the meaning of k and K as well as the primary meaning of M, G, T, etc. in an article (سانچہ:Tlx is a convenient helper). Consistency within each article is desirable, but the need for consistency may be balanced with other considerations.
The definition most relevant to the article should be chosen as primary for that article, e.g. specify a binary definition in an article on RAM, decimal definition in an article on hard drives, bit rates, and a binary definition for Windows file sizes, despite files usually being stored on hard drives.
Where consistency is not possible, specify wherever there is a deviation from the primary definition.
Disambiguation should be shown in bytes or bits, with clear indication of whether in binary or decimal base. There is no preference in the way to indicate the number of bytes and bits, but the notation style should be consistent within an article. Acceptable examples include:

• سانچہ:Xt

Avoid inconsistent combinations such as سانچہ:!xt. Footnotes, such as those seen in سانچہ:Nowrap, may be used for disambiguation.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, one byte is eight bits سانچہ:Crossref.

The IEC prefixes سانچہ:Xtn (symbol سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), سانچہ:Xtn (سانچہ:Xtn), etc., are generally not to be used except:^[۱۳]

when the majority of cited sources on the article topic use IEC prefixes;
in a direct quote using the IEC prefixes;
when explicitly discussing the IEC prefixes; or
in articles in which both types of prefix are used with neither clearly primary, or in which converting all quantities to one or the other type would be misleading or lose necessary precision, or declaring the actual meaning of a unit on each use would be impractical.

Unit conversions

سانچہ:Shortcut Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same quantity, follow the "primary" quantity with a conversion in parentheses: سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt. In science-related articles, however, supplying such conversion is not required unless there is some special reason to do so.

Where an imperial unit is not part of the US customary system, or vice-versaسانچہ:Sndand in particular, where those systems give a single term different definitionsسانچہ:Snda double conversion may be appropriate: سانچہ:Xt (markup: {{convert|80|kg|lb stlb}}); سانچہ:Xt (markup: {{convert|5|L/100km|mpgus mpgimp|abbr=on}}).
Generally, conversions to and from metric units and US or imperial units should be provided, except:
- When inserting a conversion would make a common or linked expression awkward (سانچہ:Xt).
- When units are part of the subject of a topicسانچہ:Sndnautical miles in articles about the history of nautical law (سانچہ:Xt), SI units in scientific articles (سانچہ:Xt), yards in articles about American footballسانچہ:Sndit can be excessive to provide conversions every time a unit occurs. It might be best to note that this topic will use the units (possibly giving the conversion factor to another familiar unit in a parenthetical note or a footnote), and link the first occurrence of each unit but not give a conversion every time it occurs.
Converted quantity values should use a سانچہ:Em similar to that of the source quantity value, so سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt. Small numbers may need to be converted to a range where rounding would cause a significant distortion, so سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt. Be careful especially when your source has already converted from the units you're now converting back to. This may be evidenced by multiples of common conversion factors in the data, such as 160 km (from 100 miles). سانچہ:Crossref
Conversion templates can be used to convert and format many common units, including سانچہ:Tlx, which includes non-breaking spaces.
In a direct quotation, always retain the source units. Any conversions can be supplied either in the quote itself (in square brackets, following the original measurement) or in a footnote. سانچہ:Crossref
سانچہ:Tlx may be added to articles needing general attention regarding choice of units and unit conversions.

Currencies and monetary values

Choice of currency

In country-specific articles, such as Economy of Australia, use the currency of the subject country.
In non-country-specific articles such as Wealth, use US dollars (سانچہ:Xt), euros (سانچہ:Xt), or pounds sterling (سانچہ:Xt).

Currency names

Do not capitalize the names of currencies, currency subdivisions, coins and banknotes except e.g. at the start of a sentence.
To pluralize سانچہ:Xtn use the standard English plurals (سانچہ:Xt), not the invariant plurals used for European Union legislation and banknotes (سانچہ:!xt). For the adjectival form, use a hyphenated singular: (سانچہ:Xt).
Link the first occurrence of lesser-known currencies (سانچہ:Xt).

Currency symbols

In general, the first mention of a particular currency should use its full, unambiguous signifier (e.g. سانچہ:Xt), with subsequent references using just the appropriate symbol (e.g. سانچہ:Xt), unless this would be unclear. سانچہ:Em

In an article referring to multiple currencies represented by the same symbol (e.g. the dollars of the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countriesسانچہ:Snd سانچہ:Crossref) use the full signifier (e.g. سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt) each time, except (possibly) where a particular context makes this both unnecessary and undesirable.
In articles entirely on EU-, UK- and/or US-related topics, all occurrences may be shortened (سانچہ:Xt, سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt), unless this would be unclear.

The pound sterling is represented by the سانچہ:Xt symbol, with one horizontal bar. The double-barred سانچہ:!xt symbol is ambiguous, as it has also been used for the Italian lira and other currencies. For non-British currencies that use pounds or a pound symbol (e.g. the Irish pound, IR£) use the symbol conventionally preferred for that currency.
If there is no common English abbreviation or symbol, follow the ISO 4217 standard. سانچہ:Crossref

سانچہ:AnchorFormatting

سانچہ:Anchor

A period (full point, .) is used as the decimal pointسانچہ:Sndnever a comma (سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt).
سانچہ:Crossref
Do not place a currency symbol سانچہ:Em the accompanying numeric figures (e.g. سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt, سانچہ:!xt) unless that is the normal convention for that currency when writing in English.سانچہ:Clarify Never use forms such as سانچہ:!xt or سانچہ:!xt.
Currency abbreviations that come before the numeric value are سانچہ:Em if they consist of a nonalphabetic symbol only, or end in a symbol (سانچہ:Xt;سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Nbsp سانچہ:Xt); but سانچہ:Em if alphabetic (سانچہ:Xt).
Ranges should be expressed giving the currency signifier just once: سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt.
سانچہ:Xt and سانچہ:Xt should be spelled out on first use, and (optionally) abbreviated سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt (both unspaced) thereafter: سانچہ:Xt; سانچہ:Xt.
In general, a currency symbol should be accompanied by a numeric amount e.g. not سانچہ:!xt but سانچہ:Xt or سانچہ:Xt.

Exceptions may occur in tables and infoboxes where space is limited e.g. سانچہ:Xt. It may be appropriate to wikilink such uses, or add an explanatory note.

Conversions

Conversions of سانچہ:Em may be provided in terms of more familiar currenciesسانچہ:Sndsuch as the US dollar, euro or pound sterlingسانچہ:Sndusing an appropriate rate (which is often سانچہ:Em the current exchange rate). Conversions should be in parentheses after the original currency, rounding to avoid false precision (two significant digits is usually sufficient, as most exchange rates fluctuate significantly), with at least the year given as a rough point of conversion rate reference; e.g. سانچہ:Xt, not سانچہ:!xt.
For سانچہ:Em, provide an equivalent (formatted as a conversion) if possible, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. decimal pounds for historical pre-decimal pounds-and-shillings), or a US-dollar equivalent where there is no modern equivalent.
In some cases it may be appropriate to provide a conversion accounting for inflation or deflation over time. سانچہ:Crossref

Common mathematical symbols

This is not a complete list of symbols that may be used.
Spaces are placed to left and right when a symbol is used with سانچہ:Nobr, but no space with سانچہ:Nobr
The سانچہ:Tlx and سانچہ:Tlx templates may be used to prevent awkward linebreaks in mathematical material.
Many of these mathematical symbols are available in the "Insert" menu below the editing window and not have to be manually encoded as shown in this table, but just inserted with these tools.

سانچہ:Clear right

Common mathematical symbols
Symbol name	Example	Markup	Comments
Plus / positive	سانچہ:Var + سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var + سانچہ:Var`
Plus / positive	+سانچہ:Var	`+سانچہ:Var`
Minus / negative	سانچہ:Var − سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var − سانچہ:Var`	Do not use hyphen (سانچہ:!xt) or dashes (سانچہ:!xt سانچہ:Nobr
Minus / negative	−سانچہ:Var	`−سانچہ:Var`
Plus-minus / minus-plus	41.5 ± 0.3	`41.5 ± 0.3`
Plus-minus / minus-plus	سانچہ:Nobr	سانچہ:Nobr
Multiplication, cross	سانچہ:Var × سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var × سانچہ:Var`	Do not use the letter سانچہ:!xt to indicate multiplication. However, an سانچہ:Em سانچہ:Xt may be used as a substitute for "by" in common terms such as [[4x4\|سانچہ:Xt]].
Division, obelus	سانچہ:Var ÷ سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var ÷ سانچہ:Var`
Equal / equals	سانچہ:Var = سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var = سانچہ:Var`
Not equal	سانچہ:Var ≠ سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var ≠ سانچہ:Var`
Approx. equal	سانچہ:Pi ≈ 3.14	`سانچہ:Tlx ≈ 3.14`
Less than	سانچہ:Var < سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var < سانچہ:Var`
L.T. or equal	سانچہ:Var ≤ سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var ≤ سانچہ:Var`
Greater than	سانچہ:Var > سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var > سانچہ:Var`
G.T. or equal	سانچہ:Var ≥ سانچہ:Var	`سانچہ:Var ≥ سانچہ:Var`

سانچہ:Em The variables in this table represent editor input. To actually markup variables in wikitext, use the سانچہ:Tlx template or سانچہ:Tag HTML element: سانچہ:Tnull + سانچہ:Tnull and <var>x</var> + <var>y</var> both produce: سانچہ:Var + سانچہ:Var.

Geographical coordinates